CIVIL WAR AND INDUSTRIAL EXPANSION, 1860–1897  The period between the American Civil War (1861–65) and the end of the nineteenth century in the United States was ma…

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION.   To the end of the early modern period,   Europe   remained a preindustrial society. Its manufactured goods came from small workshops, and m…

Economic Growth and the Early Industrial Revolution The transition from an agricultural to an INDUSTRIAL ECONOMY  took more than a century in the United States, b…

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION The development of the spinning machine by Sir Richard Arkwright in England led directly to the rise of the Industrial Revolution, and a new w…

The Rise of Industrial America, 1877-1900 When in 1873 Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner entitled their co-authored novel The Gilded Age, they gave the late ni…