SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
FACING URBAN CENTRE
According to Waugh, D.
(2009), Urban Centre is the large and densely populated urban areas may include
several independent.
Urban
area/ Centre is an area which is characterized by high population density and
vast human features in comparison to the areas surrounding it. It may be
cities, town or conurbation and created to furtherdeveloped by the process of
urbanization.
According
to Waugh, D. (2009), Economic problem is the scarcity or that the finite
resources available are insufficient to satisfy all human wants and needs.
According
to Cirrinciane, J. (1983) Social problem is a condition that at least some
people in a community views as being undesirable. These problems such as
murders and dwitrafic deaths social problems directly or indirectly affect a
person or many members of the society and are considered to be problem
controversies related to moral values or both.
SOCIAL PROBLEMS FACING
URBAN CENTRES
There are lots of problems facing urban
centres in social aspect as follows. The pull and rapid growth of cities in the
developing countries has lead to serious problems in providing basic needs to
the society. These are:-
Poor
housing, despite some promising initiatives most authorities have been unable
to provide adequate shelter and services for the rapidly growing urban
population and so the majority of the poor have to fend for themselves and
survived by their own efforts. Estimates suggest that one third of the urban
dwellers in developing countries either can not afford or can not find
accommodation that meets basic health and safety standards consequentrly they
are faced with three altenativesti sleep on pavements or in public places or to
build themselves a shelter possibly with the help of the local craftman.
“The LDCs are an able to house
the rapid growing
the
number of poor people, their cities are growing
because
of overall population increase and migration
from
rural areas for job opportunities because of the
housing
shortage a large percentage of poor immigrant
to
urban areas in LDCs live in squatter settlements.[1](James
1978,pg433)
Services, only small areas within many developing cities
have running water and mains sewage. Rubbish dumped in the street is rarely
collected.When heavy rainfall especially in the moon soon countries the drains
are inadequate to carry the surplus water away. The lack of electricity hinder
industrial growth and effectht materials
standard of living in homes. Ther is a
shortage of schools and teachers, hospitals and doctors and nurses, police,
fire and amburenceservices are unreliable,shops may only sell essentials and
food may be exposed to that and infection carrying flies.
Pollution and
health, drinking water is often contaminated with sewage which may give rise to
outbreak of cholera, typhoid and dysentery, for example in Arusha town in
Mbauda, ground the bus terminal, ngarenaro street mianzini areas and njiro
street are mostly highly facing y
diseases as mentioned. The uncollected rubbish is an ideal breading ground for
diseases. In these areas many children have worms and suffer from
malnutritionas their diet lacks fresh vegetables, proteins, calories and
vitamins. Industry also contributing to the increase of pollution forexampleCoca-Cola
industry, transform industry and ungalimited industry these discharges waste
products in to the ceil which may cause respiratory diseases and or into water
supplies.
Unemployment and
underdevelopment, the new arrivals to a city far outnumberthe jobs
available and so high unemployment rates
results. In most now days in Arusha region the large part of industries work
are done by using machine which facilitates work so this replaced the
unemployment opportunities to the people. Forexampletanform, beverage
industries and ungalimited industry so this is the problem facing urban
centres.
“The
under class suffers from relatively high class rates
to unemployment which
hinder from hinder by drug
addiction, illiteracy,
juvenile, delinquency and crime.
There school are
deteriorated and affordable house is
increasingly deferent
to find.” [2](Knox,
2003)
Transport, relatively few developing cities can afford an
elaborate public transport system.
Example in Arusha town the transport network
system is not affordable the basic
needs of the city, example poor road from Arusha bus terminal to Moshi is too small to accommodate the
large number of cars passing there, some
areas like around NMB are faced by rough roads. In Arusha region there is only
one airport, so this is the problem
which hinder the town; the Plaines which are flies they are too many.
ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
FACING URBAN CENTRE
According to Allen, A.
(2009), there are several numbers of problems facing urban cities such as:-
Urban ecosystem,
in particular urban ecosystem management requires social environmental, economic and decision
making tools and institution that are flexible and can adopt quickly to change
in one or more component. In urban areas forexample in arusha region such as
ngarenaro street, area around (EAC) East Africa Community, usa street. Cirrinciane J argues that;
The urban ecosystem
is poorly understood in terms
in term of constituent
parts poorly delineated in
term of its geographic
boundaries and under valued.
In many environments
the carrying capacity such as
ability to accommodate
external influences such as pollution
and other forms of
environmental and ecological impacts most
reach a tipping point.[3](Cirrinciane
J, 1983)
Environment
climate change, the impact of climate change and the associated risks to
populations in urban areas is complex dynamic and dependent on a wideand
diverse set of global nationaland local urban factories. According to
international panel of climate change (IPCC), the earth’s average temperature
has risen approximately 0.74’c over the last century due in large part to
increase lamission of heart trapping GHGs and this trend is expected to
continue and accelerate. Now days this is due to the climate change the
economic of the town decreases.
Poverty, the poverty is growing faster in urban areas
than in rural areas which is forcing people to live in unhygienic and dangerous
condition. The unhealthy and unplanned growth of mega cities is causing serious
to the government.
Air pollution from
the industries such as bakery, tanform, beverage industries are more
contributing in economic problem facing cities in Arusha. Air pollution are one
of the main culprits among others degrading the environment and making cities
unbearable to live in (Sha 2013).
Environmental
degradation also hinder the economic development, due to the speed of
population growth cities are unable to devote many resources to environmental
problems, forexample in South Africa the population now days is growing rapidly
due to different reasons, this increase of population leads to the
environmental degradation. Industries and human wastes pile up burning of
wastes can cause environmental
degradation.[4](Knox,
P 2003)
Fiscal problems,
this refers to the increasing difficulty of rainy sufficient tax revenue to pay
for the up keep of urban infrastructure growth in property tax revenues form
older large number of low income
migrants and immigrant also bring increased demand for municipal
services.
Infrastructure
problems, as the rate of urban growth in core countries has slowed public
spending on the urban infrastructure of roads, bridges, gas Supplies Street
righting, water and drains has declined the economic growth in the urban
cities. Infrastructure building up slowly, when a bridge collapses or when
water bursts a bridge. This problem mostly occurs in the Mozambique in 1999 had
cause many problems to the city because of flood destructed the main
infrastructure“Peripheral cities have always been congested, but in recent
years the modernizing influence of formal sector activities has turned the
congestion into near gridlock”[5](Waugh,2009).
Industrial
waste water, dissolving salt and chemicals from highway de-icing nitrates and
ammonia from fertilizers and sewage and coliforms beetercsfrom septic tank and
sewage many cities still use water cleaning technology dating to first world war
contaminated of water led to the illness like diahorrea and cholera.
Annexation
problem, for many cities, economic problems are exacerbated by their inability
to annex peripheral land. Annexation is a process of legally adding land area
to city, rules concerning annexation vary among states, normally land can be
annex in to a city only if a majority of residents of in the affected area vote
in favor or doing so.
“Today
however cities are less likely to annex peripheral level because the residents prefer to organizes their own services rather than
pay city taxes for them .As a result to days cites have surroundinded by a
collection of suburban jurisdictions whose residents prefer to
remain legally independent to the large city”[6](Pascal,
1984)
Conclusion
By
concluding that,this cities have used that man to invests in local assets spurs
local business formation and
development, better employ local people and utilise their skills and invest in
improving quality of a place.Redevelopment
that address social equity economic opportunity and sense of place offer.
Example of successfully bottom up community tag builds in local strength. This
redevelopment effort are more offer
indistinct opposition to mega real estate, ventures such as festival market
places and sports stadium which
promised comprehensive urban renaissance. Redevelopment have
addressed issues of social and economic
equity through local economic development which create new job to unemployed
local residence and provide net tax increases to cities.Restructuring of urban
fabric that has accompanied macro scale economic changes that has exacerbated
urban social inequality by creating and maintaining part tens of social special
excretion. The persistence of spatial segregation, pervert homelessness urban
crime and neighbourhood change through gentrification. Have been set the debate
about the worthiness of those who have been marginalize by those changes.Government
can advance the employment creation goals by entering into partnership with
local enterprises Pascal argue that ‘’in addition to generate
employment, partnership for the local job creation has important qualitative
effects by encouraging innovation broadening the local economics structures and
general improving the businesses climate.
REFERENCES.
Cirrinciane J, (1983)
World Geography health and company McGraw.Hill USA.
Gets
F (2008) human geography ,McGraw, hill companies, New York
Waugh
D. (2009) An Intergreted Approach, Nerson Thrones Ltd, United Kingdom.
Knox,
P.L. (2003) Human Geography Places and Region in Global Context, pearson
education ink, USA.
Pascal,
A (1984). Cities For the 21st
Century, Head of Publication Services OECD, France
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