BACKGROUND
OF EUROPE
Europe is
considered a separation continent. But it is actually a “Peninsula” a piece of
land that just out from a mainland into water. Europe is a giant Peninsula
sticking West out of Asia, the mainland. The Ural mountains East of Europe divided the continent from
Asia. The mountains run right through Russia. Russia lies partly in Europe and partly in Asia.
Europe
has many smaller Peninsulas of its own which are Greece, Italy and Iberia.
Europe also includes many islands such as Great Britain, Ireland, Sardinia,
Corsica, Sicily Andcrete. All of these Islands and Peninsulas give Europe a
long coastline and many harbors, in lets and seaports.
Europe
is the second smallest of the World seven continents. Europe is about the same
size as the United State. Yet it has almost three times as many people.
THE
ENLIGHTNEMENT IN EUROPE
Setting
the stage in the wake of the scientific revolution and new ways of thinking it
prompted, scholars and philosophers began to reevaluate old nations about other
aspect of societies. They sought new insight into the underlying beliefs
regarding government, religions, economics and education. Their efforts spurred
the Enlightnement, a new intellectual movement that stressed reasons and sought
and the power of individual to solve problems. Known also as the age of
reasons, the movement reach its height in the mid 1700’s brought great changes to many aspects of
Western civilization.
TWO
VIEWS ON GOVERNMENT
The
enlightenment started from some key ideas put forth by two English political
thinkers of the 1600’s, Thomas Hoobes and John Locke. Both men experienced the
political formoils of England early in that century. However, they came to very
different conclusion about government and
human nature.
Hoobes’s social contract-Thomas expressed his views in a
works called Leviathan (1651). The honors of the English civil war convinced
him that all human were naturally selfish and wicked without government to keep
order, Hoobes said there would be: -
“War………. Of every man against
Every man and life will be
solitary,
Poor, nasty, British and
short”
Hoobes
argue that to escape such a bleak life people had to hand over their right to a
strong roler. In exchange the gain law and order. Hoobe called this agreement
by which people created a government the social contract. In Hoobes view, such
as a government was an absolute monarchy, which could impose order and demand
obedience.
CHANGING
OF AN IDEA IN EUROPE TO THE RIGHT TO GOVERNMENT
The changing of
ideas to Europe come from old idea a monarchy role and new idea was a
government’s power comes from the consent of the governed in Europe.
The philosopher John Locke held a different, more
positive, view of human nature. He believed that people could learn from
experience and improve themselves. As reasonable beings they had the natural
ability to govern their own affairs and to look after the welfare of society.
Locke Criticized absolute Monarchy and favored the idea of “self government”
According to John Locke
said that:-
“All people are born free and
equal, with three
Natural right life liberty and
property”
The purpose of the
government said Locke is to protect their rights. If a government fails to do
so, citizens have right to overthrow it. Locke’s theory had a deep influence on
modern political thinking. His belief that a government power comes from the
consent of the people in the foundation of modern democracy. The idea of
government by popular consent and their and their right to rebel against unjust
rolers helped inspire struggles for liberty in Europe and the America.
THE
PHILOSOPHES ADVOCATES REASOND/IDEAS
The enlightment
reached its height in France in the mid 1700’s. Paris become the meeting place
for people who wanted to discuss politics and ideas. The social critics of this
periods in France word for philosophies.
The philosophies believed that people could apply reasons
to all aspects of life, just Issac
Newton had applied reasons to science. Five concepts formed the core of their
beliefs.
I.
REASONS:-
Enlightment thinkers believed truth could be discovered thought reasons or
logical thinking.
II.
NATURE:-
The philosophies believed that what was nature was also good and reasonable.
III.
HAPPINESS:-
The philosophies rejected the medieval nation that people should find joy in
the here after and urged people to seek well-being on earth
IV.
PROGRESS:-
The philosophies stressed that society
and human kind could improve.
V.
LIBERTY:-
The philosophies called for the liberties that the English people had won in
their glorious revolution and Bill of right.
THE MAJOR IDEA OF THE EUROPE
Among of the idea o Europe was the
idea of natural right was introduced by the great thinker Locke led to impact
of fundamental to U.S Declaration of independence. For example of natural
rights are life, liberty, right to own properties, this led to the declaration
of independence in U.S in 1776.
Another
one is the idea of innovation of media
like radio and radio signals. Europe was the one country to introduced radio
and invest on and led to the another country to invest also.
According to Alexander Popo V on his
book of “Investor of Radio” says
“Scientific
report that Popo V appeared in congress
with the investion of
Wireless
telegraphy at the congress of British Association and advancement
Of science and
with Italian Marconian apparatus which could transmit
Signal without
wireless” (Pg. 67)
The idea of separation of powers by philosopher
Montesqureu. This lead to the many nation to separate power in their nation.
For example, French, United state and Latin America use separation of power in
their new constitution.
Another idea is Freedom of thought and expression ideas by
Voltaire come with impact of Guaranteed in U.S Bill of right and French
Declaration of man and citizens. European Monarchy reduce or eliminate
censorship. This ideas led to many countries to form Bill of right in order to
gave their people rights.
The idea of abolishment of torture by the thinker Beccaria
Guaranteed in U.S Bill of rights torture outlawed or reduce in nations of
Europe and America.
The idea of Religious freedom by thinker Voltair
Guaranteed in U.S Bill of rights and the
freedom of citizen to worship every where they wants and to choose to religion
they wants to worship.
Another
one is the source of democracy in 1993. This also among of the idea introduced
in Europe since they realized that there is no equality, free and fair
elections of the member of the government. In Greece the idea come from
Cleistheness.
Also, Europe discovered the heavy plough, which was used
since Neolithic agriculture. Agriculture revolution was coming with high
production in the farms and big tools it was needed in order to produce high
therefore it led to discovered the plough for production in farms.
Malanima, P. in the Modern Europe Economy says that
“When the agriculture was introduce
Central Northern Europe,
Country people had to deal with
quite different conditions
Here where the soil was heavy
because of frequently rain
Thus they discovered heavy plough
to overcome the
Problem” (Pg. 2)
The idea of agriculture also it was introduced. It was dealing with animal with cultivation
and animal keeping. This arose from Darwin’s theory states that
“Once the knowledge that a seed
planted in ground will grow
Into a ground will grow into a
plant existed then food
Production would certainly follow
this theory arose from
Darwin’s” (Pg. 20)
CONCLUSION
At that time
Europe is the continent which contribute more in the development of the World
especially to give more aids to the third World country which are most of them
found in the Africa continent.
REFFERENCES
Malanima, P (2009) Pre
Modern Europe Economy: One Thousand Years (10Th – 19Th),
NETHERLAND.
Rodovisky, M. (1957)
Investor of the Radio, University Press of Pacific
Tharpe, J.I (1999) The
Origin of Agriculture in Europe, Routtedge.
Wallace, V. (2007)
Origin of Democracy in Ancient Greece.
Univesity of California Press,
London.
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