TABLE
OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT---------------------------------------------------------------------------------i
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE
STUDY------------------------------------------------------------1
1.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND TO THE
PROBLEM-----------------------------------------1
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE
PROBLEM--------------------------------------------------------------1-2
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE
RESEARCH---------------------------------------------------------------2
1.4 RESEARCH
QUESTION---------------------------------------------------------------------------2
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE
STUDY-----------------------------------------------------------------2
1.6 SCOPE OF THE
STUDY------------------------------------------------------------------------------3
1.7 LIMITATION OF THE
STUDY---------------------------------------------------------------------3
1.8 ORGANIZATION OF THE
STUDY---------------------------------------------------------------4
CHAPTER
TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW-----------------------------------------------------------------------------3-6
CHAPTER
THREE
3.0 RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY--------------------------------------------------------------------7
3.1
INTRODUCTION-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------7-8
3.2 RESEARCH
DESIGN-------------------------------------------------------------------------------8
3.3 POPULATION AND
SAMPLING---------------------------------------------------------------8-9
3.4 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS--------------------------------------------------------------------9-13
CHAPTER
FOUR
3.5 DATA
ANALYSIS---------------------------------------------------------------------------------18-19
3.6
CONCLUSION------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------19
4.0
BIBLIOGRAPHY---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.
I thank the almighty God, for giving me strength throughout the
time I worked on this case study. I owe may thank to all people who made
valuable contributions in different ways to enable me reach this final stage.
My
deepest and sincerest gratitude is first extended to my supervisor Mr. Kusekwa
S. Mabondo who tirelessly provided me with talented technical advice unfailing
guidance, moral support and criticism from the beginning that made me
accomplish this task I have nothing to give him but bless of my almighty God.
Secondly,
I extend my sincerely appreciation to my class mates who encourage me both
morally and socially during the study. At the end, I would urge the supervisor who
adopts this thesis to let me know if there are any deficiencies or errors so
that these can be taken care of in a subsequent dissertation. This pent, the
suggestions are invited in regard to any improvements perceived in this study.
1.0 CHAPTER ONE
1.1INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY
The researcher likes to know aspects of
youth culture towards language.
1.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND TO THE PROBLEM.
Youth culture is believes and practices
of youth. It is the sum of the ways of living of adolescent and youth as a
whole. It is the body of norms values and practices recognized and shared by
members of the adolescent society as a appropriate guides to actions. The
language of youth cultures as one of the values differs at least partially from
the language of older generation. Elements of language in youth culture, which
has been mentioned above, drive youth culture has its own special vocabularies,
styles, and syntax. By styles means over all tone created by youth linguistic
and aesthetic choice which reflect their personality. These set add scents a
part from other age group, giving them what many believe is a distinct culture
of their own, which should be researched.
1.3 STATEMENT
OF THE PROBLEM.
Language in youth culture develops or
generates new patterns of expression, communication and motivation. In this
view, different term, vocabulary, style of speaking, has been used by the youth
to describe their feelings, actions, ideas and contributions. The ways youth
speak differ very much from other age group. Sometimes well known vocabulary is
assigned new vocabularies that fit their generation. The speaking style and the
mode of presentation are contrary different to the understanding of the rest entire
population. Generally, features of speech in youth culture have remarkable
difference from the language of the society.
1.4
OBJECTIVE OF THE RESEARCH.
The research aim to investigate new
patterns and styles of expression in youth culture.
1.5 RESEARCH
QUESTION.
How do new patens and styles of
expression are used in youth culture?
1.6
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY.
The findings of this study may come
with following significance,
It
will expose out some expression styles of the youth that identify their
personalities.
It
will also identify the area of interests that slangs are mostly used.
It
will identify which gender between boys and girls use slangs in most cases and
in which aspects.
It
will also expose proverbs that are used with youth.
Research
may come out with suggestion on how to standardize the language of youth.
1.7
SCOPE OF THE STUDY.
The research lies on language of the
youth culture.
1.8
LIMITATION OF THE STUDY.
To conduct this research, the
researcher encountered problems such as limited time, absence of written books
for literature review. To overcome these problems, Sunday and evening sessions
were used for accomplishment of the work. Internets were mostly used to find
out written documents that are associated with the problem.
1.9ORGANIZATION
OF THE STUDY.
This study has been presented and
organized into three chapters. Chapter one involves introduction to the study,
historical background to the problem, statement of the problem, objective of
the research, research questions, significance of the study, scope of the
study, limitation of the study and organization of the study. Chapter two
consists of literature review and chapter three consists of research
methodology.
CHAPTER
TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
According to (Muse. Jhu.edu/login auth)
among the linguistic phenomena mostly widely investigated in relation to youth
within are expression of slangs and sound change. Slangs has long been a
popular and clearly it is the most noticeable linguistic component of youth-
based identities. The use and function of slang as an in group makes, and some
scholars have traced the origins of particular slang terms. Still in need of
further exploration are questions concerning the use of slang to differentiate
youth identities from one another and the process where by slang emerge.
As adolescents molt into adult, young
people have to renew adolescent slang by adding terms or changing the meaning
of earlier neologism. Slang term may lable people. Slang may also used to
evaluate people or events positively or negatively and slang may be used to
lable how time has been spent. Slang is differentiated by gender. Boys are more
likely than girls to use slang concerning cars, motorbikes and money while
girls will use slang in connection with clothes, styles, appearance and boys.
(Books. Google.cot.tz/ books? Id).
According to www. The source
4ym.com/slang Dictionary. aspx), the following are some of slangs that are
developed by the young. “any”, drugs in the form of pills, specifically
methamphetamines made with Anhydrous Ammonia. (:Any” is shortened version of
the word Anhydrous) eg. “Hey lefts go down to the mail and see if we can find
away”
“Bird” is a term for a young girl eg. “look
at that bird over there by the foot court ------------I`ama go an d scoop
that”. Also there is “Beat” which is a term used in reference to having sex
forisrance, “ Aye yo Jonnas Sarah let me beat last might”. The slang
“Bank”means a lot of money, foristance, “I know you got bank you`re action
rude----------“. Slang is “Bacon”, a term for the police. Derived from the
earlie reference to police as “pigs” you smell bacon”. “Be easy” is a plead for
some one to calm down or relax, foristance “Girl!, what you trippin for?. Be
easy”. “Bites” is another word for food. “Hey, let`s go get some bites”.
“Aw-naw” is an expression used to express disagreement or disbelief. As if to
say “oh, it isn`t so!”. Your man was with Jen last night” “Aw-naw”.
Youth language has a lot of proverbs
especially in love affairs. The following are some proverbs verbs that exist in
youth language. “Do not seek the because- in love there is no because, no
reason, no explanation, no solutions,” this means in love there is no because.
Another ones are “There is a place you can touch a woman that will drive her
crazy. Her heart. “Don’t settle for a relationship that won`t let you be
yourself” which means be yourself. “love me when I least deserve it, because
that`s when I really need it. (www.search the right words. Com/love.html).
According to (www.mcgill.ca/disc/reserach/hip-pop), Hip-Hop has become a privileged
medium of expression for an entire generation. The generation of rappers that
come of age after 1990 was inspired both by African- American- influenced rap
from the USA and multilingual rap from the south of France where African and
Maghrebin immigration of youth culture.
Generally, as much as languages is
connected to traditional knowledge and culture, it must be capable of
incorporating new vocabulary to meet the need of young people in order to
remain vibrant. For example, in the 21st c, a language must find
some way of communicating about technological advances such as television and
computers in order to remain relevant to the everyday lives of the youths that
force me to research. (www.arcticlanguages. Com/youth and- language.html.).
CHAPTER THREE.
METHODOLOGY
AND RESEARCH DESIGN.
3.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter covers the conceptual
structure with in which research was conducted. The section presents the area
of study, Research design, population and sampling, data collection method
interviews.
3.2
RESEACH DESIGN(S)
The
study is “Descriptive based research”. It seeks to explain how youth develop new
patterns and expressions of language. The researchers made the reasonable
effort to assure that data are collected in a valid way accurate and reliable.
To
asses on how new patterns and expressions are use by youth at Ngongongare. It
was necessary to conduct face to face interview with the families and use of
questionnaire method. The study also carried out a comprehensive review of
available literature which provided some information.
3.3
POPULATION AND SAMPLING.
The
population of interest and the focus of this study are the youth in different
families at Ngongongare village where the study was particularly carried out.
The
study used both stratified sampling techniques and Random sampling. The target
sample was divided into separate homogeneous strata male and female, then
simple random simplest were selected from each strata sampling to interview the
youth.
A sample of covering all the youth from
twelve families were given questionnaire both open and closed questionnaire and
ten parents were interviewed on how youth under go new patterns of expressions
and styles.
3.4
RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
A.
INTERVIEW METHOD.
The
interview methods of collecting data involve presentation of oral verbal
stimuli and reply interns of oral verbal responses. This method can be used
through personal interview and if possible through telephone interviews.
The achievements of interview methods
are as follows;
·
More
information and then too ingrate depth can be obtained. This is achieved
because the research can ask move information and explanation from interviewed.
·
Interviewer
by his own skills can overcome the resistance if any of the respondents the
interview methods can be made to yield an almost perfect sample of the general
population.
·
This
is great flexibility under these methods as the opportunity to restructure
question is always there, especially in case of unstructured interview.
·
Observation
method can also be used and applied to record verbal answers to various
questions.
·
Samples
can be controlled more effectively as there arises no difficult of the missing
returns; on responses generally remain very low.
·
The
interview can usually control which persons will answer the questions. This is
not possible in mailed questionnaire approach.
If so, desired group dispassion may also be held.
·
The
interviewer may catch the information off guard and thus may sewer the most
spontaneous reactions than would be the case if mailed questionnaire is used.
·
The
language of the interview can be adapted to the ability or educational level of
the person interviewed and as such misinterpretation concerning questions can
be avoided.
·
The
interview can collect supplementary information about the respondents, personal
characteristics and environment which is often of great value in interpreting
result.
There are also weaknesses of the
interview method. Among the important weakness may be made of the following.
·
It
is very expensive methods especially when large and widely spread geographical
sample is taken.
·
The
remains the possibility of the bias of interviewers well as that of respondents
there also remains the headache of supervision and control of the interviewers
certain types of respondents as important officials or executive or people in
high income groups may not be easily approachable under this methods and to
that extent the data may prove inadequate.
·
This
method is relatively more time consuming especially when the sample is large
and recall upon the respondents are necessary. The presence of the interviewer
on the sport may over stimulate the respondent, sometimes even to the extent
that he may give imaginary information just to make the interview interesting.
·
Under
the interview method the organization required for selecting, training and
supervising the field safe is more complex with formidable problems.
Interviewing of times may also introduce systematic errors.
·
Effective
interview presupposes proper report with respondents that would facilitate free
and from responses. This often very difficult requirement.
B.
QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD.
This
method of data collection is quite popular particularly in case of big
enquires. It is being adapted by private individual`s research workers, private
and public organizations and even by governments. In this method a
questionnaire is set in (usually by post) to the persons concerned with a
request to answer the questions and return the questionnaire. A questionnaire
consists of number of questions printed or typed in a definite order on a form
or set of forms. The questionnaire is mailed to respondents who are expected to
read and understand the questions and write down the reply in the space meant
for the purpose in the questionnaire itself. The respondents have to answer the
questions on their own.
The
method of collecting data by making the questionnaires to respondents is most
extensively employed in various economic and business surveys.
The merits clamed on behalf of this
method are as follows;
·
There
is low cost even when the universe is large and widely spread geographically.
·
It
is free the bias of the interview, answer are in respondents own words.
·
Respondents
have adequate time to give well thought out answers.
·
Respondents
who are not easily approachable can be reached conveniently.
·
Large
samples can be made use of and thus the result can be made more dependable and
reliable.
THE MAIN Demerits of this system can
also be listed here;
·
Low
rate of return of the dully field in questionnaire bias due to no response is
often in determinant.
·
It
can be used only when respondents are educated and cooperating.
·
The
control over questionnaire may be lost once it is sent.
·
There
is built inflexibility because of the difficult of a mending approach ones
questionnaires have been dispatched.
·
There
is also the possibility of ambiguous replies or omissions of replies although
to certain questions interpretations of omissions are difficult.
·
It
is difficult to know whether willing respondents are truly representatives.
·
This
method is likely to be the slowest of all. Because it takes time to distributes
questionnaires, to answer questions and return questionnaires to researcher.
DATA
ANALYSIS.
It will be worth while to note that the
process of data analysis taken into account during questionnaire and interview
method focused to the group of youth which are mostly make new patterns and
style of expressions in the language.
QUESTIONNAIRE.
Dear Respondents.
The
researchers are conducting the case study on the use of new styles and
expressions by the youth in Ngongongare village.
You
are here by requested to fill this questionnaire honestly as you can so as to
help the researcher to come with viable new patterns and styles expression done
by the youth.
Be assured that all information given
will be treated confidentially and you are advised to not write your name.
Thank you in advance.
This questionnaire has three sections,
answer all questions in all sections.
SECTION
A.
Write
true for the correct statement and false for wrong statement.
1.
Slangs
are the best expression to identify youth personality.------------
2.
Adult
languages are outdated-------------------
3.
Mostly
of Hip-Hop music use slangs------------------
4.
Mostly
of the slangs are expressed by boys. ----------------
5.
Slangs
are rude languages-----------------
SECTION
B.
Choose
the best answer from the following alternatives:
1.
Which
one is not correct. Slangs are used to
a.
Lable
people
Lable
people
b.
Evaluate
people
c.
Lable
how time has been spent
d.
To
teach in the classroom.
2.
Slangs
are used by
a.
Rappers
Rappers
b.
Teachers
c.
Doctors
d.
Priests.
3.
A
person who speaks with slangs is considered as
a.
Modern
Modern
b.
Outdated
c.
An
intelligent
d.
Wise.
4.
A
lot of proverbs especially in love affairs come from
a.
Youth
b.
Elders
Elders
c.
Leaders
d.
Parents.
5.
Youth
people incorporating new vocabulary due to
a.
Fact
that they need to be vibrant
b.
To
develop their language
To
develop their language
c.
They
go with time.
d.
New
languages have more meaning.
SECTION C.
Answer all questions:
1.
Explain
some patterns and styles of expressions that youth use?
2.
Give
out some common slang that are normally used by youth?
3.
What
areas of social relations slangs are commonly used?
4.
How
do people judge or say about the youth language?
5.
Is
there any profit to use the new expressions that isolate adult? Why?
4.0 CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 DATA ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION AND
DISCUSSION.
Laazizi, mahabuba, kimwana, kimwali,
This words are used by the youth to mean love. Most of the youth like to use this
word once they are communicating with the one they love.
Gogo, means train, pipa means ndege,
kukata mawingu, means ndege, kaarandinga- matipa. This word are used in
travelling by the youth. All these are the youth words.
Nguna, means ugali, Bweche- wali,
Mshikamano means bamia, viepe means chips,bondo means Ugali, Dingi means baba,
Jembe means mkali, kasepa means kaondoka, Noma means hatari, Nimechacha means nimeishiwa,
Nikaushie means usimsemeshe, mshikaji means rafiki, Bomba means sawa, Jero
means shilingi mia tano, Jiti tatu means shilingi mia tatu, Buku means
shililngi elfu moja, msimbazi shilling
elfu kumi.
Bati- shilingi elfu ishirini, kilo
means laki moja. This word mostly are used by the youth within our society, youth
try to form their own words to mean the something.
Also they use the words like Nitakumiss
to code –mixing within the words, posta, ofisini they mean chooni, mkwanja
means hela, Nimefulia means nimeishiwa, nitakucall means nitakuita, Nimechacha
means nimeishiwa, mnoko means mbea, kujishebedua means kuringa, shushushu-
means teacher mnoko, kunguru mweupe means Police, Dokta means love.
Now days youth like to use these slangs
and clichés that are not familiar with the other groups such as children, adult
and old people. Man tend to use those words like kipenzi, kimwali to call a
woman who engage in love, instead of calling the woman name they use these
words kifaa means msichana mzuri, mtima wangu to mean mpenzi, youth do isolate
themselves from other groups in the society through the usage of these New
patterns and expression of words in language.
CONCLUSION:
Research methodology included various
things as the research design that dealt with qualitative research approach, the
target area as the target population is Ngongongare village in which the researchers
observe the youth who are practicing new patterns and expressions of language.
Data collection method which was used
by researchers is questionnaire and interview methods that the researchers got
information’s through questioning and interviewing different youth found at
Ngongongare.
Lastly, the research activity needs
commitment as some youth who are to be questioned and interviewed were not willingly
responded, also some of them were not found at their home places. The gives
difficulties to the researchers.
REFERENCE.
Books.
Google. Cot. tz/ books? Id. Revived on 12/1/2013.
Muse,
jhu.edu/login auth. Revived on 12/1/2013.
www.articlsnguages. Com/youth-and –language-html.
www.search the right words.com/love.html.
www.the source 4ym. Com/ slang Dictionary. as
px. Revived on 11/1/2013.
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