INTRODUCTION
Struggle
means to make or violent effects to get free restraint or constriction. Also
struggle is to exert muscular as against a material forces or mass.
Independence
, refers to the process being safe from outside control.
Independence
refers to the process of being capable of thinking or acting or acting for one
self. Not influenced others on the things of oneself.
Independence
refers to the state of not governed by a foreign power self governing. The
country to be controlled it self without external influence of internal
affairs.
Independence
refers to free from the influence guizlance or control of another or others
self-reliant an independent mind.
Independence,
state of not be determined or influenced by some one or something else not
contingent a decision independent of the outcome of the study.
Nationalism
is a consciousness on the part of individuals or group of people regarding their membership of a nation state either
already existing or to which they espier. (By Ado Boaten)
Nationalism
is the feeling of a national consciousness or awareness by the people that they
are members of a nation state and desire freedom from colonial rule (by Michael
Crowder)
Therefore
nationalism can be defined as follows:- nationalism refers to the desire of
people to rule themselves.
Nationalism
can be defined as the desire for Africans to end all forms of foreign control
and influence so as to be able task charge of their political social and
economic affairs.
THE
FACTORS WHICH LEAD TANZANIA TO STRUGLLE
FOR INDEPENDENCE:-
INTERNAL
FACTORS:-
The
rise of Tanzania elites. These Were a
Tanzanian who received colonial education as it was introduced by missionaries.
They played a great role towads the struggle for independence in Tanzania since
were the one who organized for the formation of political parties like TANU in
1954 by Julius Nyerere which later led to independence of Tanganyika at
December, 9th1961
“Moreover
the African elites from abroad come with new ideas about the whites they
emphasized co-operation with others people to work for their independence by
forming political parties”[1]
Example
Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere
received colonial education and after completing his studies became the
major role in Tanzania for fighting independence.
Returning
of ex-soldiers, these people who went to
fight for the war especially second world war of 1939 to 1945 came back with
experience and turned the perception of blacks, since during that time whites
were being worship as God or denials but returning of soldiers felt black
fellows that they are real human being and are being lied and also feel pains
as a living things
“…The
African soldiers who fought in world war II received experience from the war[2]
and found that whites were non goals or chemigoals”
Through
returning of ex-soldiers in Tanzania increasing consciousness and solidarity to
fight for independence example of ex-soldier were; General China and Dedan
Kimathi.
Injustices
in the court since other people were found. During the period of colonialism
there were favouratism at the court since whites were given favour while blacks
were undermined and highly exploited by being forcing to work for a long time,
establishment forced to pay it. Tanzania tend to fight so as to eliminate
injustice at the court since all people are equal at this world.
“Settlers were favoured and were
provided with better transport facilities communication services and other
modern social enormities”[3]
Formation
of political partis in Tanzania. Through formation of political parties in
Tanzania like Tanganyika African national union TANU formed by the Late Mwalimu
Julius Kambarage Nyerere in 1954. The aim of TANU was to organize all
Tanzanian’s through the use of Swahili language and spread the ideas of
nationalism to all regions of Tanzania and demolish colonialism.
“…Tanganyika African Associations
and the rest were ancestors of the central organization of TANU, although TANU
also brought in the people who felt like the members of African National clark.
So any chapter on the movement of ideas in Tanzania must pay attention to the
association formed by the improvers”[4]
Also
there were formation of other political
parties in Tanzania which also facilitated the development of nationalism.
“..In a proceeding chapter Dr. John
Ellife discussed the three national association namely the TTCSA, the TAA and
the TAWCA and their political social and economic goals”[5]
These
political parties were aimed at organizing and mobilizing people to know their
rights and to open their brain that they are exploited and therefore they
required to fight so as to gain their lost independence.
EXTERNAL
FACTORS FOR RISE OF NATIONALISM IN TANZANIA:-
Independence
of other Africa countries like Ghana in 1957,
After Ghana to get independence under Kwame Nkurumah spreaded up the
ideas of nationalism to the whole African continents Mwalimu Julius Kambarage
Nyerere copied the ideas of nationalism as it was applied by Kwame Nkurumah to
archieve independence.\
“The independence of Ghana in 1957
was as stimulant and a good example for other African states in their struggle
for independence, for they saw that it was possible for them to get
independence”[6]
Also
the independence of India 1947 brought positive cooperation with Tanzania to
archive its independence example the first president of India Mahtma Gandhi
played a great role in providing
techniques to fight independence in Tanzania and Mwalimu Julius Nyerere
copied it archieved independence.
Formation
of Non Aligned Movement in 1955. The formation of Non- Aligned Movement led to
the formation of Bandung conference, On April 1955 which was held in Indonesia
and summoned by Indonesia president Sukamo, at this conference about six
African states participated which were Egypt, Libya, Ethiopia, Ghana and
Liberia. Bandung conference emphasized the idea of peaceful existence between
nations but mostly of Africa to grand their independence through peaceful way
for all colonized Africans nations.
“…The Non- Aligned Movement aimed
to safeguard the sovereign of member states against their domination by the
super power”[7]
“..To push for independence of the
third world countries”[8]
Through
Non-Aligned Movement led most African nations to archieves their independence
like Ghana in also Tanzania Independence of 1961 but through the ideas of
peaceful co-existance brought from Bandung conference.
The
rise of USA and USSR as a suoer power nations soon after the second world war
of 1939 to 1945. The rise of Union of Soviet Socialist Republic in 1917 and
United States of America brought great impacts to the decolonization of African
Countries especially Tanzania since socialist block of the east wanted to spras
its ideas of communism and that of the west under USA wanted to spread its
ideas of capitalism
“The Soviet Union and the USA had
emerged as the super powers bound to dominate the world”[9]
Formation
of United Nations Organization on Uno in 1945, After the second world war of
1939 to 1945 led to the formation of UNO which
replaced League of Nation formed
in 1919 aimed at safeguarding human right and to present the occurrence of
another war but failed due to its failure led formation of another organ
protect human right that is UNO. The formation of UNO acted as organ to
organize all Africans to be as one things and act as origin of Pan-African
Nationalism to eliminate colonialism most to African countries. In the
formation helped blacks of Africa to be consadutized and united to fight for
their lost right during the period of colonialism.
PROBLEMS
FACED NATIONALISTS IN STRUGGLE
POLITICAL
PROBLEM
Strong
resistance from whites and forming army, police and prisons. During the colonial
era colonialists tends to form these organs so as to imprison those blacks who
tends to struggle for independence by using force so as to fulfill their goals.
“The colonialist created colonial
oppressive apparatus such as army, police and prisons, state security organs
harassed and intimidated most of the determined raising nationality”[10]
Through
creation of there apparatus tend to exploit effectively the suit of Africa and
its resources as effectively utilization of labor power by the use of force to work
in their mining and plantations which was established several places in
Tanzania.
Competition
to became head of state after independence. At the period of fighting for
independence every one fight to became a leader after independence and tend to
confortate between each others.
“Each nationalists at the eve of independence wanted to become a president
and control resources”[11]
By
competiting each others to become the head of the state led it difficult to
archived independence early since
everyone what to control the state and a president.
Existence
of tribalism among Tanzanian’s societies since each tribe tend to resist itself
and development nationalism basing on their tribe and not national scope and become easily suppressed by colonial
troops.
“Tribal political like Kiiza of
Bukoba rarely had mass support and were concerned with tribal rather than
national issues”[12]
Every
tribe within their region tends to rise the resistances based on their goals
from colonialist which became very difficult to fight for the national goals
since the whole country required independence of both political social and
economic as well as cultural.
Absence
of strong leadership to drive the nationalism movement Tanzania leaders were
very afraid on intimidation of colonialist since they used police and arms to
imprison nationalists and using troops to suppress African resistances by doing so Tanzania
leaders being afraid on ruining the movement to resist and fight colonialism.
“Popular resistance, expressed in
majimaji in oppositional to agricultural regulations certainly had mass support
but did not seek control of the legislation council”[13]
It
became very difficult during that time to fight and regain of independence
since one movement leaders afraid on intimidation and dismissal of colonialists
who were front line in nationalism.
Presences
of puppets leaders among Tanzania themselves, Those people employed as chiefs
supervisors and Clarks betrayed their natives and become on the side of
colonialist and saved their interest, it became very difficult for nationalism
since they are completely separate each others
“Some Africans who were employed as
chiefs supervisors, clerks and interpreters were graced by the colonialist”[14]
Unwillingness
of Tanzania to control themselves in all aspects of political social economic as well as
cultural. Most of Tanzania societies were unable to depend and control
themselves rather than to be controlled by colonialist, they tend to be still colonized
fearing to control and depend on themselves plan at all aspects of
administration and others economic, social and also in culture.
“The
African societies of Tanzania were not un aware that if they united they would
have better chance of success in defending their independence”[15]
ECONOMIC
PROBLEM
Financial
problems was an obstacle to nationalist in struggle for independence, financial
problems led difficult for nationalist to reach else where in spreading ides of
struggle for independence since they required money to write newspaper to spread
ideas of nationalism, also to write several books concerning the suit of
independence as well as magazines which will rise consciousness to admire
freedom of everythings in life by fighting. Nationalists during that time were
almost unemployed people like farmers example Meru land case of 1951 these were
farmers who were financially poor and led so difficult in fighting for
independence.
“The African nationalist required
funds to found political parties and run up country branches but the many of the
militant nationalists originated from poverty stricken peasant families. They
lacked enough money to organize and spread the ideologies of their political
parties”[16]
These
farmers fighted for independence were against those nationalist exploitations
like payment of taxes which was compulsory to every adult person.
Poor infrastructure along Tanzania at every
region, infrastructure includes roads, railways see port and airport, led it
difficult for Tanzania nationalists to made every tribe at each region since
its means of transport were connected all over the country. So as the spread
the ideas of nationalism by rising up solidarity and consciousness among
Tanzania themselves and open their brain that were being exploited mostly in
economic.
Poor techniques of fighting was also the problems
of nationalist in struggle for independence in Tanzania. They applied out fashioned
methods of fighting to resist colonialism like passive resistance among peasant
to work in plantation which were to work in plantations which were very old methods
of fighting to regain their right.
“Clearly it would have been
surprising if Tanzanian’s did not change their techniques for fighting for
their independence as one political failed to gain them their independence”[17]
SOCIAL
PROBLEMS FACED NATIONALIST IN TANZANIA
High
number of illiteracy among Tanzania since large number of Tanzania’s was unable
even to read and write. During that time
colonial education was mostly seggregative and more discriminative only son’s
of chiefs and Jumbes were allowed to get that education but the majority were
unable even to read and write. Through newspaper and magazine with ideas of
nationalism was only for those know to read only which were very few in
Tanzania.
“Many people during the nationalism movement
were illiterate and the colonialist never took the trouble to educate them”[18]
It
took so long time for every one to the whole country to be aware to take
measures on eliminating colonialism during that time.
Disunity
among Tanzanian’s themselves since all people on their tribe tend fight within
their regions. Example majimaji resistance of Ruvuma region under kinjekitile
was based on their regions and not national wide to fight for all evils of
colonialist like working for long hours payment of taxes also poor condition of
workers.
“During the nationalism movement
most Africans were divided along tribal and ethnic trends”[19]
Also
Sukuma tribe located at Mwanza regions tends to fight for their rights rather
than whole country but also Mtemi Mkwawa of Iringa among Hehe tribe tend to
oppose colonial rule among Hehe themselves rather than national wide and become
very difficult in demolishing colonialism.
CONCLUSION:-
The
Tanzania independenceof 1961 stimulated the positive impacts to the nationalism
to other African countries especially East Africa since Uganda got her
independence in 1962 one year after independence of Tanganyika and also Kenya
independence of 1963 two years after Tanganyika independence and Zanzibar got
her independence on 1964, but thosw countries copied the idea of nationalism
and the suit of independence was copied from Tanganyika which was the first
country in East Africa to get her independence early. Eventhrown the reason to
what Tanganyika become the first country to get her independence was the
presence of Swahili language which unified all Tanzanian’s and become one
things with one idea to eliminate colonialism also presence of TANU as one
political party in Tanganyika unified as to fight colonialism presence of mass
media like Radio Tanzania Dar es salaam RTD, assisted Tanganyika to get her
independence early than other East Africa country.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Assa
O. (2006); A HISTORY OF AFRICA
(V0L-1); East Africa Education Publisher L.T.D
Curtin P (1978) AFRICAN HISTORY; Little Brown
Company, Boston
Chief M. NANGOLI NO MORE LIE ABOUT AFRICA.
HAP PUBLISHER
Fr. J.K.Mwijage
(2004) MAJOR EVENT IN AFRICAN HISTORY; Salvatorium Publisher
Morogoro
J. Illife (1979)
A MODERN HISTORY OF TANGANYIKA;
Cambridge University Press London
Kimambo I.N and J.A.
Temu (1969); A HISTORY OF TANZANIA; EAPH page 185
Leeming D et al
(1988) A HISTORY OF EAST AFRICA;
Maluka and Nyangwine (2008) MAJOR EVENTS IN AFRICAN HISTORY; Nyambari Nyangwine Publisher,
Social Plugin