Independence:-
refers to the act of being free from foreign domination, many African countries
started to gain independence during the 19thcentury, and this was
political independence which generally referred to “flag independence” despite
that Africans got their political independence still African remained indirectly
penetration of foreign domination
political, social and economically and military of a political
independence had little impact on the
life style of masses that’s why has been referred to ceremonial independence.
What is flag independence:-
, flag independence this refers to the type of independence that the African
countries attained during their struggle from 50s to 80s from their colonial
masters; it was a ceremonial independence of hosting national flag and bringing
down the colonial flags, but still African remained victims of foreign
domination in all spheres of life political economically and socially remained
dependent to their to their former colonial masters and at time it’s referred
to as neo-colonialism
Development:-generally refers to the sustained,
concerted actions of policy makers and communities that promote the standard of living and economic health of a specific area. Economic
development can also be referred to as the quantitative and qualitative changes
in the economy. Such actions can involve multiple areas including development
of human capital, critical infrastructure, regional competitiveness, environmental sustainability, social inclusion, health, safety, literacy, and other initiatives.
Africa, a continent endowed with immense natural and
human resources as well as great cultural, ecological and economic diversity,
remains underdeveloped. Most African nations suffer from military
dictatorships, corruption, civil unrest and war, underdevelopment and deep
poverty. The majority of the countries classified by the UN as least developed
are in Africa. Numerous development strategies have failed to yield the
expected results, although some.
MEASURES TAKEN BY TANZANIA TO REVIVE HER ECONOMY
SINCED 1961:-
After the whole movement of struggle
for independence in Africa the next stage was economic revival, this is due to
the fact that the colonialist left African economy at a bad condition, this was
due to the fact that the European on exploited African resource, and did not
care for African economy the following are the measures taken by Tanzania to
revive her economy since 1961.
To
alleviate poverty in Tanzania:- after independence and before independence
Tanzania had huge number of poor people and even did not meet their basic
needs, After independence the new
government struggled to alleviate poverty
so as all people could be able to get their basic needs to support this
Kato.A said
“Poverty in Africa
can be solved by increasing income in every family/home , this can be solved by
increasing employment opportunity to the masses as to increase their purchasing
power by providing free and subsidized
basic necessities to reduce the expenditure of the masses which may include
medical, school fee and food”[1]
To create a government of democracy and transparency:-
after independence Tanzania
formally known as Tanganyika started to create a good government of democracy and
transparency so as to make the government to undergo development ,this
situation made Tanzania to archive some development in government system hence
the whole country developed to support this Kato.A said
“To create a
government of democracy and transparency where by corruption can be checked and
lavishing government expenditure should be checked and be stopped this could
help development of Tanzania and manage to revive her economy which was badly
affected by colonialism and its evils such as colonial economy sectors”[2]
Equal
distribution of national cake:-during colonialism in Tanzania all major
means of production were owned by White people and after independence only few
people had access to major means of production such as land, industries and
mines hence the majority suffered much with poverty and even failed to obtain
their basic needs, this made the government to distribute the national cake
equal to all people in the country to support this Kamili.Z said
“Equal
distribution of national cake by stopping nepotism where by only few people of
one tribe or one region that dominate the government and enjoy the sweet job,
equal representation should be placed to all regions and tribe in the
government”[3]
To
elect capable leaders:- the situation after
independence Tanzania lacked capable leaders, this is due to the fact that few
people of Tanzania had access to education and the majority were ignorant and
this made the masses of Tanzania to remain illiterate and this brought the problem
of competent leaders in Tanzania in a government system due to the fact that
only chiefs sons’ and daughters’ had access to education and their number was
few because of the nature of colonial education which had series of exams so as
to reduce the number of graduates and after independence the country lacked
enough number of leader
“To elect
capable leaders who are patriotic and able to care for their people with good
economic plans for development of the people and self-development by doing so
development of a country could be possible”[4]
To
provide education and technical education:-after
independence government thought that the masses should get education so as the
can solve the problem of unemployment and engage into serious economic ventures/business,
this calls for revising national syllabus which trains job seekers instead of
job creators.
To
get rid of neo-colonialism:-This is another way of colonial legacies are
perpetuated in our countries. Neo-colonialism is a situation where by
politically independent country continue to be exploited by imperialist
countries or muilt-national cooperation (MNCs), neo-colonialism is a new form
of colonialism where, exploitation is facilitated by exciting government system
and neo-colonialism operates by investing in production and services sectors in
which case the investors control the decision making and import of raw material
by using forex of the state concerned and finally repatriating all profit so to
get rid of neo-colonialism could help the problem of economy in Tanzania to
support this Kato.A said
“To get rid of
neo-colonialism and develop and independent self-sustaining economy which could
help to solve the problem of Africa without foreign intervention”[5]
To
diversify our economy:-this is from agriculture based to be both industrial
and agriculture so as to create link between the two major sectors, what
produced can be used as raw materials in industries and industries products can
be purchase consume by the agricultural sector, this will increase the market
base and solve the problem of poverty, this is by putting emphasis on the use
of our national and human resources, adapting the appraise technology that is
deliberate oriented in order to build up self-generating internal economy instead
of being directed from outside to support this Kamili.Z said
“All third world countries
should reject western standard of consumption both individual and society,
western standards of living based on exploitation of the third world countries
and their own poor people, therefore any attempts of any African countries and
introduce these consumption standards to maintain themselves their privilege”
To
promote national unity:-this have to be done among the Tanzanian and this
was done due to the fact that before independence there was enmity among the
tribes, this was because some of the tribes joined force with the colonialist
to defeat their fellow African tribe due
to the fact that these tribes seemed to be strong than the other one’s, and
these differences made development of the country to go slow simply because
these tribes lacked cooperation, and made the government to start to promote
unity among the Tanzania so as to make
unity possible the government create Ujamaa villages were different people from
across the country could start production jointly to support this Kato.A said
“To promote national unity
among the masses through one party system so as to avoid many party system that
may bring division among the masses and also national language should be
promoted as form unity of the people”[6]
Introduction
of national education:-after independence Tanzania was still using colonial
education which prevented many Tanzanian
to have an access to education, this made only few people to get education and
led to the problem of lack of capable leaders in the country and this was the
huge problem to national development hence the government introduced national
education so as to give room to all Tanzanian young children to get education
and help in the process of development of the country and hence archive
development to support this Kato.A said
“Introduction of national
education that is based on the environment of Africa and needs as to avoid
colonial education that produced white collar job seekers inserted of job
creators this definitely will solve the problem of mass unemployment”
SOCIAL
AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT OF TANZANIA SINCE INDEPENDENCE UP TO RECENT.
POLITICAL
DEVELOPMENT SINCE INDEPENDENCE:-
Since independence Tanzania had some development
reached social and political which made the country to be at a better stage
which made all people to experience independence despite other problem faced
Tanzania in the process of development the following are the political and
social development of Tanzania since independence up to recent.
Promoted
democracy and good government:-since
independence the country experienced peace and harmony this is due to democracy
and good government un like other East African countries there is political
misunderstanding for example Kenya in 2007 were many people died and Rwanda and
Burundi genocide which made people in these countries to experience
difficulties and lived as refuges in Tanzania simply because the country had
democracy and good government to support this Kato.A said
“To create a government of
democracy and transparency where by corruption can be checked and lavishing
government expenditure should be checked and be stopped this could help
development of Tanzania and manage to revive her economy which was badly
affected by colonialism and its evils such as colonial economy sectors”[7]
Creation of revolutionary party (CCM):-the party was created February 5,
1977 under the leadership of Julius Nyerere as the merge of Tanzania African
national union (TANU),the ruling party in Tanganyika, and the afro-shiraz party
(ASP),the ruling party in Zanzibar. TANU/CCM
has dominated the politics of Tanzania since the independence of Tanganyika
in 1962. Due to the merger with the ASP, from 1977 it has been also the ruling
party in Zanzibar, though there its grip on power has been more contested by
the Civic United Front (CUF), and the party contributed much
in the development of the country and this made the party to dominate the
country since independence till to day
Introduction
of mult-partism 1992:-From its formation of CCM until 1992, it was the only
legally permitted party in the country. Every five years, its national chairman
was automatically elected to a five-year term as president; he was confirmed in
office via a referendum. At the same time, voters were presented with two CCM
candidates for the National Assembly or Bunge. This changed on July 1,
1992, when amendments to the Constitution and a number of laws permitting and
regulating the formation and operations of more than one political party were
enacted by the National Assembly, this
made development to go faster due to the fact that opposition parties keep
forcing the ruling party to bring about development and if failed to do so the
party may dominate a certain constituencies
“It is to be understood that Tanzania
is a republic with an executive president. It has been a single party state
with free elections from independence to 1995. Political pluralism was
introduced in the country around 1992s following with the several elections on
multiparty system. With multiparty system Tanzania have experienced several
changes and development since its adoption, and most of these are free
expression of somebody’s ideas, fillings and decision, equal chances in
political participation”[8]
The
Amendment of constitution:- The Constitution of Tanzania, formally Constitution of the United Republic of
Tanzania and also known as Permanent
Constitution or Fourth
Constitution of Tanzania, was ratified in 1977. Before the current
establishment, Tanzania has had three constitutions: the Independence
Constitution (1961), the Republican Constitution (1962), and the Interim
Constitution of the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar (1964)In 1964,
Tanganyika and Zanzibar
merged into the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, renamed into
"United Republic of Tanzania" that same year. The constitution of the
newborn nation was based on Tanganyika's 1962 Republican Constitution, modified
according to the agreements between TANU and Zanzibar's majority party, the Afro-Shirazi Party
(ASP). These agreements had been ratified under the name "Articles of
Union", and became part of the new constitution as "Acts of
Union".
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT SINCE INDEPENDENCE:-
Improvement of social
services:-Tanzania after independence started to improve her social
services such as medical centers, school, water supply and even electricity
this was done for the purpose of developing people standard of living, by doing
so people could develop an independent self-sustaining economy which would
solve the problem of African without foreign intervention.
Provision of free education:-the
government started UPE Universal Primary School Education, this gave room for
those adults who did not have a chance to get education during colonial era and
this was for the purpose of solving the problem of ignorance in the country so
as these people can participate in national development, here Tanzania
government made some achievements were by large number of people got education
and start using their knowledge to create different economic ventures, hence
solved the problem of unemployment in the country.
“though the masses education so as the can solve the problem of
unemployment and engage into serious economic ventures/business, this calls for
revising national syllabus which trains job seekers instead of job creators.”[9]
National unity was
formed through Ujamaa villages:-between 1967 and 1973 very little achieved
concerning the said voluntary move of people to Ujamaa villages despite the
fact that government promised provision of social services and stressed on the
importance of people living together and work together and work together for
the benefit of the country and their own benefit. Between 1967 and 1973 the
government implemented the move by force into new surveyed areas, the Ujamaa
village act was passed enabling village governments to have to sue in court.
“Nyerere
forced people to move onto collective farms, which greatly disrupted
agriculture efficiency and output. Tanzania turned from a nation of sustenance,
pre Ujamaa property inside food was given people who joined Ujamaa”[10]
CONCLUSION
In spite of all social
and political development reached by Tanzania, the country have been faced with
number of problems which makes the country experience up and down of the
economy and among of these things are corruption, mass illiteracy, lack of political
administrators, boundary dispute, foreign debt, lack of political awareness and
sensitization due to mass illiteracy, the are the problems facing Tanzania and
hence development can’t be reached at the desired level.
Kamara
Fr. J.F (2004), Major events in
African History. Morogoro
Salvatorianum
Kato
A. (2004), Development of African
society up to the 19th century Mwanza Evening
Adult school
Mother
earth. Travel.com /Tanzania/history.htm.
Mshin
G. (2004). The origins and Development
of African society, Dar es Salaam, Published
By Kot publishers Ltd
Kamili.Z
(2007). History paper one alive,
Dar es Salaam, Published
By Afroplus industries Ltd
Mwijage
F.R (2004), Major events for African
History, Morogoro Salvatorianum
Okoth
A. (2010).A History of African Volume
2. Dar es Salaam. East Africa
Educational
Publishers
Oxford
University (2010),Advance learners
Dictionary New York, Database right Oxford
University Press
Social Plugin