COLD WAR (GENERAL TERM)
This article is about the
general term for a type of international conflict. For the specific conflict
between the Soviet Union and the United States.
A cold war is
a state of conflict between
nations that does not involve
direct military action but
is pursued primarily through economic and political
actions, propaganda, acts of espionage or proxy wars waged by surrogates. This term is most
commonly used to refer to the Soviet-American Cold War. The surrogates are typically states
that are "satellites" of the
conflicting nations, i.e., nations allied to them or under their political influence.
Opponents in a cold war will often provide economic or military aid, such as
weapons, tactical support or military advisors, to lesser nations involved in
conflicts with the opposing country.
Origins of the term
The expression
"cold war" was rarely used before 1945. Some writers credit the fourteenth century Spaniard, Don Juan Manuel for
first using the term (in Spanish), when dealing with the conflict between
Christianity and Islam as a "cold war". However he used the term
"tepid" not "cold". The word "cold" first
appeared in a faulty translation of his work in the 19th century.
At the end of World War II, George Orwell used the term in the essay "You and
the Atomic Bomb" published October 19, 1945, in the British
newspaper Tribune.
Contemplating a world living in the shadow of the threat of nuclear war, he warned of a "peace that is no
peace", which he called a permanent "cold war".Orwell directly
referred to that war as the ideological confrontation between the Soviet Union and the Western powers. Moreover, in The Observer of March 10, 1946, Orwell wrote that
"[a]fter the Moscow conference last
December, Russia began to make a ‘cold war’ on Britain and
the British Empire."
The definition which has
now become fixed is of a war waged through indirect conflict. The first use of
the term in this sense, to describe the post–World War II geopolitical tensions between the USSR and its satellites
and the United States and its western
European allies (which in practice acted as satellites of the opposing force)
is attributed to Bernard Baruch, an
American financier and presidential advisor. In South Carolina, on April
16, 1947, he delivered a speech (by journalist Herbert Bayard Swope) saying,
"Let us not be deceived: we are today in the midst of a cold war." Newspaper
reporter-columnist Walter Lippmann gave
the term wide currency, with the book Cold War (1947).
List of tensions called
Cold War
Since the NATO-Warsaw Pact Cold War (1945–1991), a number of global
and regional tensions have also been called "Cold War".
Cold War II
Cold War II, also
called Second Cold War, Cold War 2.0, or the New Cold War refers to a
renewed state of political and military tension between opposing geopolitical
power-blocs, with one bloc typically reported as being led by Russia or China, and
the other led by the United States or NATO.
This is akin to the original Cold Warthat saw a global confrontation between the Western Bloc led by the United States and the Eastern Bloc led by the Soviet Union, Russia's predecessor.
Saudi Arabia vs. Iran
An Atlantic Council member Bilal Y. Saab, an About.com writer Primoz Manfreda, an Iranian
scholar Seyyed Hossein Mousavian and
a Princeton University scholar
Sina Toossi, journalist Kim Ghattas, Foreign Policy journalist Yochi Dreazen, Brookings Institution researcher
Sultan Barakat, and Newsweek journalist Jonathan Broder[25]use the term "cold war" to refer to
tensions between Saudi Arabia and Iran.
In February 2016, a University of Isfahan professor
Ali Omidi dismissed the assumptions that the conflict between Iran and Saudi
Arabia would grow tense.
India vs. Pakistan
A commentator Ehsan
Ahrari, a writer Bruce Riedel, a political
commentator Sanjaya Baru[ and a Princeton University academic Zia Mian have used the term "cold war" since
2002 to refer to long-term tensions between India and
Pakistan, which were part of the British India until its partition in 1947.
China vs. Japan
China's Defense Ministry spokesman Geng Yansheng, The Diplomat editor Shannon Tiezzi, and The Guardian columnist Simon Tisdall used the term to refer to tensions between China and Japan.
China's state-run newspaper Global Times says that China and Japan "are
stuck in a state of 'cold peace' and [m]ust avoid sliding into a cold
war."
Korean peninsula
A Naval Postgraduate School academic
Edward A. Olsen, a British politician David Alton, a York University professor Hyun Ok Park, and a University of Southern
California professor David C. Kang used the term to refer
to tensions between North Korea
and South Korea, which have been divided since the end of World War II in 1945. They
interchangeably called it the "Korean Cold War".
References
1. Simon
Dalby; Gearoid O.u Tuathail (2002). Rethinking Geopolitics. Routledge. p. 67.
2. Kort,
Michael (2001). The Columbia Guide to the Cold War. Columbia University
Press. p. 3.
3. Geiger,
Till (2004). Britain and the Economic Problem of the Cold War. Ashgate
Publishing. p. 7.
4. Orwell, George, The Observer, March 10, 1946
5. Safire, William (October 1,
2006). "Islamofascism Anyone?". The New York Times. The New York Times Company.
Retrieved December 25, 2008.
6. History.com
Staff (2009). "This Day on History - April 16, 1947: Bernard Baruch coins the term
"Cold War"". A+E Networks. Retrieved August 23, 2016. Full
quote in the context of industrial labor problems in the United States of
America in 1947 which could only solved
){kind=link}
Social Plugin