ENVIRONMENTAL
POLITICS.
INTRODUCTION.
People
value the environment becouse their were hood and quality of life depend in it.
As threats to the environment grow so to do effort to protect those value,
environmental polities is concerned with the way people enrganize themselves
and structure behavior to protect their interest in the environment, it emsuler
the dynamic of social movements, institutions and government policy-making and
the way these interact, environmental polities is unique in a number of
respects.
Ecology of environmental polities.
The
ecology of environmental problems posses unque challenges to politics, notable
among these in the trans-boundary nature of environmental phenomenon. In short,
econological processes do not respect political bondaries coastal nations share
same ocean waters and mobile fish stocks, river traverse state bondaries, and
the air and atmosphere disperse pllutants indely and distantly form there ongin
much a pathy and political conflict emergence from frequent mis-metal between
such transbondary environmental concerns and existing political structures and
juris dictions. The benefits of economic development typically accrue to one
juris diction, yet environmental costs of such devels present are often pessed
on to other juridiction in form of fould air polluted iraters and dumed wastes,
providing little incenture to requlate pollution and its source. Further more
gornments may be less compelled to impose requlatory costsin poluting
industries within own jurisdictions when it can be shown that local pollution
problems result in part form outside sources.
Toxic legacies,
The accumulation of pollutants may
sudden surface as in case of acid rain accumulation in aquifers and soils.
Heavy mental refeaze form old mines, and sudden climate change form green house
gases.
Enery market
Globally over the past eco
confuries, a succession of primary source has held the largest share of the
energy market, first wood and hay, then coal and oil. If the succession
continues, natural gas will morve a head, peaking around 2030.
So
far, humanity has burned about 150 billion tons cral equiralent, a reference
point for fuels we have burned about 75% as such oil and 40% as much natural
gas. In scenario of continning merket substitution, perhelps 100 betweem btie
or more of gas.
Water.
Globally abundant, fresh water is
unerenly distributed, althrough tean tiems present use fall on earth, only
about 135 one-third of what is supplies. Shrinking area of farm land would
likely seve much water, ara if the fractioniragated rises. Industries and
cities can rcycle waste water. If energy is cheap and pollutant removal does
not cost dear, history shows when water becomes scarce, use becomes efficient
time design, and build water infrastructures and stretches for decades.
Land and food
For
many centuries, farmers expanded cropland fastar than population grew, and thus
crop land per person rose. Fifly years ago, farmer stopped plowing in the
world’s food supply has continued to out pace populationj, especially in poor
contries grobally the future lies with precision agriculture, technology and
information help the grower use prease amounts of in puts fertilizer,
pesticides, seed, water-exactly where they are need. Precision agriculture
includes grid soil sampling field mepping, variable rate application, and yield
monitoring tied to global positioning.
Succes
at growing food on land spares animals in the leas, where fishers stress many
wild stocks. So can farming parts of ocean, just as fertilisers grows more
corn, adding nutrients to the berren tropical occean might, for instances
multiply selected fish a thousand times.
Transnational corporation
Are
corporation that have there headquaters in one country. And have conpanies in
more than foreigh countries. The first transnational openedin early 20th
centruty. There are three types of transnational corporation that is
i)
Horizontal integraded,
factories in different countries making the some product. A transnational
corporation thaty is horizontally integrated
is Mc Donald.
ii)
Diversified. Factories
in different countries making production that are not horizontatic
norvertically integrated.
Advantages
of transnational corporation.
a) The
investment level, employment level and income level and income level of the
host country increase due to the operational of transnational coperation
b) The
host country can reduce import and increase exports due to good produced by
transnational cooperation in the host country, thy help to improve balance
payment
c) The
host country can reduce imports and increase.
Disadvantages
of transnational coparation
i)
Home country can also
get the benefits of foreign culture culture.
ii)
It gives a loost to the
industrial activities as home country.
iii)
Transnational
corporation help to meintain favourable balance of payment of the home country
in the long run.
GLOBALIZATION
Globalization
Is the process of international integrationarising form the inter change of
world views, products, ideas and other aspect of culture.
http/wiki/org/globalization.
Globalization means the scale of the
world is shrinking not interally in
size, of course, but in the ability of a person, object, or idea to inferact
with a person, object, or idea in another place (rubenstein :30)
People are plugged into a global economy
and culture producing a world that is more unform, integrated, and inter
dependent.
Globalization of the economy has been led
primarly by transnational corporations, fometimes called multinational
corporations. A transnational corporation conduct research, operate factories
and sel products in many countries, not just where its head quarters and
prinerpel shewe holders are located.
Historically people and campanies had
difficult moving moving even small sums of money form one country to anothe.
Internatonal transfer of money form one country to another, international
transfar of money involvelved a cumer some set of procedures and funds could be
forzen for several governments prohibitail the removal of large sum money and
in the case of communist countries, no money could be removed without
government approval.
Modern technology prodes the means to
easly move money a well as materials products, technology and other economic
assets.
Banks, corporations, and other financeal
institutions are able to operate world wide in part become the major centers
where decision that affect the global economy.
Every part of the world is part of the
global economy, but globalization has led to more specialization of the local
level each place plays distinative role, based on its local assets. A place may
be near valuable minerals or it may be inhabited by especially wll-educated
workers, transnational corporatisms asses the particular economic assests of
each place.
REFFERNCE.
Ekanem,
I (1997) R eport of mission to Tanzania, 21-25, 1997.
Ekanem,
I and Arowolo, O. O. (994) Populatin and evelopment An integrated approach,
thrd Press. New Rochelle.
Msabila
T. D (2003) An integrated regional study on Human and economic geography
advanced level paper 2, Nyamhari Nyangwine publisher, Dar, And Tanzania.
Storey,
D 92006) peo;e on the move, refugees and asylum seekers. Gergraphy review vol
19 or 5 (may)
UNECA,
(1991), Manual for the integration of populating variables into development
plans in african countries, ECA/POP/TP/91/1 (1. 1 (ii)
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