ENVIRONMENTAL
POLITICS.
INTRODUCTION.
People
value the environment because their were hood and quality of life depend in it.
As threats to the environment grow so to do effort to protect those value,
environmental polities is concerned with the way people enrganize themselves
and structure behavior to protect their interest in the environment, it emsuler
the dynamic of social movements, institutions and government policy-making and
the way these interact, environmental polities is unique in a number of
respects.
Ecology of environmental polities.
The
ecology of environmental problems posses unque challenges to politics, notable
among these in the trans-boundary nature of environmental phenomenon. In short,
econological processes do not respect political bondaries coastal nations share
same ocean waters and mobile fish stocks, river traverse state bondaries, and
the air and atmosphere disperse pllutants indely and distantly form there ongin
much a pathy and political conflict emergence from frequent mis-metal between
such transbondary environmental concerns and existing political structures and
juris dictions. The benefits of economic development typically accrue to one
juris diction, yet environmental costs of such devels present are often pessed
on to other juridiction in form of fould air polluted iraters and dumed wastes,
providing little incenture to requlate pollution and its source. Further more
gornments may be less compelled to impose requlatory costsin poluting
industries within own jurisdictions when it can be shown that local pollution problems
result in part form outside sources.
Toxic legacies,
The accumulation of pollutants may
sudden surface as in case of acid rain accumulation in aquifers and soils.
Heavy mental refeaze form old mines, and sudden climate change form green house
gases.
Enery market
Globally over the past eco
confuries, a succession of primary source has held the largest share of the
energy market, first wood and hay, then coal and oil. If the succession
continues, natural gas will morve a head, peaking around 2030.
So
far, humanity has burned about 150 billion tons cral equiralent, a reference
point for fuels we have burned about 75% as such oil and 40% as much natural
gas. In scenario of continning merket substitution, perhelps 100 betweem btie
or more of gas.
Water.
Globally abundant, fresh water is
unerenly distributed, althrough tean tiems present use fall on earth, only
about 135 one-third of what is supplies. Shrinking area of farm land would
likely seve much water, ara if the fractioniragated rises. Industries and
cities can rcycle waste water. If energy is cheap and pollutant removal does
not cost dear, history shows when water becomes scarce, use becomes efficient
time design, and build water infrastructures and stretches for decades.
Land and food
For
many centuries, farmers expanded cropland faster than population grew, and thus
crop land per person rose. Fifly years ago, farmer stopped plowing in the
world’s food supply has continued to out pace populationj, especially in poor
contries grobally the future lies with precision agriculture, technology and
information help the grower use prease amounts of in puts fertilizer,
pesticides, seed, water-exactly where they are need. Precision agriculture
includes grid soil sampling field mepping, variable rate application, and yield
monitoring tied to global positioning.
Succes
at growing food on land spares animals in the leas, where fishers stress many
wild stocks. So can farming parts of ocean, just as fertilisers grows more
corn, adding nutrients to the berren tropical occean might, for instances
multiply selected fish a thousand times.
Transnational corporation
Are
corporation that have there headquaters in one country. And have conpanies in
more than foreigh countries. The first transnational openedin early 20th
centruty. There are three types of transnational corporation that is
i)
Horizontal integraded,
factories in different countries making the some product. A transnational
corporation thaty is horizontally integrated
is Mc Donald.
ii)
Diversified. Factories
in different countries making production that are not horizontatic
norvertically integrated.
Advantages
of transnational corporation.
a) The
investment level, employment level and income level and income level of the
host country increase due to the operational of transnational coperation
b) The
host country can reduce import and increase exports due to good produced by
transnational cooperation in the host country, thy help to improve balance
payment
c) The
host country can reduce imports and increase.
Disadvantages
of transnational coparation
i)
Home country can also
get the benefits of foreign culture culture.
ii)
It gives a loost to the
industrial activities as home country.
iii)
Transnational
corporation help to meintain favourable balance of payment of the home country
in the long run.
GLOBALIZATION
Globalization
Is the process of international integrationarising form the inter change of
world views, products, ideas and other aspect of culture.
http/wiki/org/globalization.
Globalization means the scale of the world is shrinking not interally in size, of
course, but in the ability of a person, object, or idea to inferact with a
person, object, or idea in another place (rubenstein :30)
People are plugged into a global economy
and culture producing a world that is more unform, integrated, and inter
dependent.
Globalization of the economy has been led
primarly by transnational corporations, fometimes called multinational
corporations. A transnational corporation conduct research, operate factories
and sel products in many countries, not just where its head quarters and
prinerpel shewe holders are located.
Historically people and campanies had
difficult moving moving even small sums of money form one country to anothe.
Internatonal transfer of money form one country to another, international
transfar of money involvelved a cumer some set of procedures and funds could be
forzen for several governments prohibitail the removal of large sum money and
in the case of communist countries, no money could be removed without government
approval.
Modern technology prodes the means to
easly move money a well as materials products, technology and other economic
assets.
Banks, corporations, and other financeal
institutions are able to operate world wide in part become the major centers
where decision that affect the global economy.
Every part of the world is part of the
global economy, but globalization has led to more specialization of the local
level each place plays distinative role, based on its local assets. A place may
be near valuable minerals or it may be inhabited by especially wll-educated
workers, transnational corporatisms asses the particular economic assests of
each place.
POPULATION
CHARACTERISTICS
Population
has the following general characteristics
population density
describe the number fof people living in a given area, usually a square
kilometer (km). Population densities are often show by means of a choropleth
map. Demsotoes are obtanined by dividing the total population of a country by
the total area of coutry densities are then grouped into dasses each of which
is coloured sigter or darker to reflect lesser or reter density 345.
Population distribution discribe
the way in which people are spread out cross the earhis surface. Distribution
is un even and are often considerable changes over period of time. Population
distribution can be shown by means of number f people, when drawing a dot map
there fore it is important to select the best possible distri value and to bear
in mind its simitation. (msabila 2003: 2)
Pupulaiton structure,
the rate of natural increase the botrh and death rates of a country represents
structure, a second important aspect is population this is important becouse
the make up of the population by its age and gender together with its life
expectancy.
Population dynamic,
means that the number of distribution structure and movement ar constantly
cange oner time and space also population change over time and space also
population changes interms of number it tend to increase in some pleces and
decrease in other places.
LINKS BETWEEN
POPULATION GROWITH, USE OF RESOURCES (CAPITAL) AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
An international team, known
collectively as the club of nome, predicted in 1972, through the use of
computers that if then rapid trend in population growith and resource
utilisation continued. Then a sudden decline in economic growith would occur in
the next centruty, Their suggested plans for global equilibrium, for of which
have been implemented, included.
a) The
stabilisation of population growith and the use of resources.
b) An
emphasis of food production and conservation.
At the world population conference
in mexico city in 1984 the emphasis was put on takiry positive steps to reduce
population growith. Targely through family planning programmes.
General consensus view particulated
the need population strategies in intergration with ther development
strategies, by 2005, international organisation were suggesting that high
population growith rates were asymptions of povery not the cause
fo it they clarmed that all the sprding on birth control measures and
family planning programmes wer haveing little effect in places where poverty
remained the key influence on peoples everyday lives.
Ecological fort print
the
ecological fort print is a resource management tool that aims to measure the
impact of peoples life style upon planet the it alculates how much productive
land and sea a human population needs to generate the resource it consumes in
order to provide all the food water enery and raw materials required in
people’s every day lives. It also calculates how long it takes to absorb and
render harnless the waste that hunanity creates or for the ecological balance
of renew it self.
INTEGRATION OF
POPULATIN VARIABLES IN DEVELOPMENT PLANNING
1.
INTRODUCTION.
In the preceding units it has been
noted. That population situation in many develovping coutries characterised by
hing fertility land mortality levels and consequent high growith rates. In
addition, it has been noted that uneven resource distribution and development
contribute to migration. The demographic situation in most developing
countries, however, is contrary to the level of development. in many coutries
rates of economic growith are marginal or negative.
As it will be shown later, the
majority of the developing countries have experienced many problems. These
inclued the decline in GDP, food deficits environmental degradation and
increasing poveruy, in addition, there are gender concerns that reinforce
prectices the couse inequalities between men and women.
In order to address some of the
problesm identified in the previous units there is a need to bring to the front
in the planning process some of the issues raised above. Thus there is a need
to harmonise economic planning process with the populatin growith process, by
integrating population variables into the development planning process.
DEFINING INTEGRATION OF
POPULATINON IN DEVELOPMENT PLANNING (IPDP)
According
to UNECA (1991), IPDP Inolves incorporating determing the demographic impact of
diverse economic and social programmes; and, defing those complementary and
specific actions needed to induce increasing balance between demographic
dynamecs and economic potential. In effect IPDP implies that demographic
variables are taken into account in the elaboration of development plans;
formulating population policies within the context of development policies; and
intergrating the processes of development and populatin planning with the
ultimate goal of eliminating and or minimising povery, unemployment and
inequality. Some of the elements that the IPDP process utilises are.
·
Preparing estimates and
projections of demographic levels and trends;
·
Examining the
demographic and development interrelationships;
·
Conducting research to
examine the socio-economic factors influencing populatin change; and
·
Using monitoring and
evaluation to analyse the implementation of integration as well as the
population policy programme.
Means
for integrating population variables into development planning are various.
Ekanem, (1997) amd Elame, amd Arowolo (1995) suggest the following steps;
·
Assembnling of data on
the indices of population and development for the coutry shoud be assemled and
the interrelationships between these;
·
Using an index of
population growith as a criterion variable;
·
Other population and
development variables to be used as explanatory variablesl and
·
Identification of
correlates of population growith and use the correlates for developing
strategies for reducing the coutry’s populatin growith rate.
Once
this is done policy makers and planners can set achievable targets to be
attained during the plan perion as an integral part of an action plan for
implementing the policy strategies (ekanem, 1997) the policy maker and planner
can use different models to achieve this goal. These include the TMI computer
software that, among other things, can study the demographic changes and their
implications to socio-economic development.
In
the stubsequent units an attempt is made to describe some of the most important
development aspect s and the way they relate to population variables. In each
unit key strategies, priority variables and indicators are suggested so as to
make planners and policy makers see how population variables can be integrated
into development planning. Consequently TMI is introduce, as steted earlier, as
one of the models that can show the implications of populatin dynamics on the
selected socio-economic sectors
The following are the
population variables
Birth
rates and fertilite rates.
Birth rate is the number of births
per of the population. Birth rate is a measure of fertility the physiological
capacity of a women to concerne and give birth to a child, regardless of
whether it is a live birth or a still birth is called fecundity lack of
fecility is called ifecundity or wstertility on the other hand. Refers to
inability of a women to bear a child and this include those who can not give a
birth to a live baby.
Mortality
rate and death rates
Mortality rate is the gecurance of
dealth in s population, and is one of the major causes of change int he
populatin size, mortality is measured in term of CDR which refers to the number
of dealth per year 1000 of the peopulation (Msabila 2003:14).
CDR is very high in Africa, in the
period between 1990-1995 the avarage CDR was 13 per 1000 against the world
average of 9 per 1000. In the same period the avarege CDR of asla was a per
1000 and Europe was 10 per 1000.
In african most contries have a CDR
of between per 1000 to 21 per 1000, edxcept in the small is lands such as
mauritus reunion and cape verde.
Internal
and external migration rates
Internal
migration refers to population moverment within a coutry, where as extenal
migration involves a movement eccross national boundaries and between
countries. External megration, unlike internal movement, affects the population
of a country, the migration between the numebr of emigrants (people who leave
the coutry) and immitrates (new comers arriving the coutry) countries with a
net migration loss lose more through emigration than they gain by immigration
and depending upon the balance between
berth and death rates, may have a dedining population. Countries with a net
migration gain receive more by immigration than they lose through emigration
and so are likely to have an over all population increase.
Migration laws and a migration
models in 1885, E.G, Ravenstein put fowrd seven laws of migration, based on his
studies of migration within the uk. These laws stated that
(1) Most
migrants travel short distance and their numbers decrease as distance
increases.
(2) Migration
occurs in waves and the vaccum left as one group of people moves out will leter
be filled by a crunter, corrent of people moving in.
(3) The
process of dispersion (emigration) is the increse of absorption (immigration)
(4) Most
migration show a two-way movement as people move in and out.
(5) The
longer the journey, the more likely it is that the migrant will end up in a
mojar centre of industrial or commerce
(6) Urban
dwellers are less lekely to move than their rurla conterparts
(7) Female
migrates more more than male with their coutry of birth but males are more
likely to more further a field.
REFFERNCE.
Barley
A. (2005) Making population geography hodder arnold
Browning,
K (2002) shanty towns. A south african case study, geography review vol 15 no 5
may
Ekanem,
I (1997) R eport of mission to Tanzania, 21-25, 1997.
Ekanem,
I and Arowolo, O. O. (994) Populatin and evelopment An integrated approach,
thrd Press. New Rochelle.
Msabila
T. D (2003) An integrated regional study on Human and economic geography
advanced level paper 2, Nyamhari Nyangwine publisher, Dar, And Tanzania.
Storey,
D 92006) peo;e on the move, refugees and asylum seekers. Gergraphy review vol
19 or 5 (may)
UNECA,
(1991), Manual for the integration of populating variables into development
plans in african countries, ECA/POP/TP/91/1 (1. 1 (ii)
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